Undergraduate E-mail: ug_arthi@arthistory.ucsb.edu
Graduate E-mail: gd-arthist@arthistory.ucsb.edu
Website: www.arthistory.ucsb.edu  (will open in a new browser window)

Department Chair: E. Bruce Robertson

Faculty

Ann Jensen Adams, Ph.D., Harvard University, Associate Professor (17th-century art and architecture)

C. Edson Armi, Ph.D., Columbia University, Professor (medieval architecture)

Larry M. Ayres, Ph.D., Harvard University, Professor (medieval art)

Ann Bermingham, Ph.D., Harvard University, Professor (18th- and 19th-century British art and culture, critical theory and feminist theory)

Swati Chattopadhyay, Ph.D., UC Berkeley, Assistant Professor (modern architecture, cultural landscape of British colonialism, postcolonial theory)

Ramon Favela, Ph.D., University of Texas at Austin, Associate Professor (modern Latin American art, contemporary Chicano art)

Ulrich F. Keller, Ph.D., University of Munich, Professor (history of photography)

Nuha N. N. Khoury, Ph.D., Harvard University, Associate Professor (Islamic art and architecture)

Mark Meadow, Ph.D., UC Berkeley, Associate Professor (15th- and 16th-century Northern European)

Laurie Monahan, Ph.D., Harvard University, Assistant Professor (20th-century and contemporary European art)

Sylvester Ogbechie, Ph.D., Northwestern University, Assistant Professor (African and African American art)

Jeanette Favrot Peterson, Ph.D., UC Los Angeles, Associate Professor (pre-Columbian/Colonial)

E. B. Robertson, Ph.D., Yale University, Professor (18th- and 19th-century British and American art)

Abigail Solomon-Godeau, Ph.D., Graduate Center, C.U.N.Y., Professor, (contemporary art, feminist and critical theory, 19th-century European art, photography)

Peter C. Sturman, Ph.D., Yale University, Associate Professor (Chinese art)

Volker Welter, Ph.D., University of Edinburgh, Associate Professor (history and theory of architecture)

Robert Williams, Ph.D., Princeton University, Associate Professor (art theory, historiography, Italian Renaissance)

Fikret K. Yegül, Ph.D., Harvard University, Professor (Greek and Roman art, architectural history)

Emeriti Faculty

Herbert M. Cole, Ph.D., Columbia University, Professor Emeritus (African, Oceanic, North American Indian art, architecture)

Mario A. Del Chiaro, Ph.D., UC Berkeley, Professor Emeritus (ancient art; Egyptian, Greek, and Etruscan art)

Beatrice Farwell, Ph.D., UC Los Angeles, Professor Emerita (19th-century art)

Peter T. Meller, Ph.D., Budapest University, Professor Emeritus (renaissance art)

Alfred K. Moir, Ph.D., Harvard University, Professor Emeritus (baroque art)

Corlette R. Walker, Ph.D., Bryn Mawr, Lecturer Emerita (British and American art)

Affiliated Faculty

Colin Gardner, Ph.D. (Art Studio)

Constance Penley, Ph.D. (Film Studies)

Sven Spieker, Ph.D. (Germanic, Slavic, and Semitic Studies)

Adjunct Faculty

Kurt Helfrich, Ph.D. (UCSB Art Museum)

Students with a bachelor's degree in art history who are interested in pursuing a California Teaching Credential should contact the credential advisor in the Graduate School of Education as soon as possible.

The department publishes a list that describes the content of courses offered each quarter; the publication is available prior to registration in classes. Advising is available in the department through the undergraduate advisor, faculty undergraduate advisor, and the department chair.

Honors Program

The departmental honors program is designed for students interested in advanced research in art history. Students must receive the signatures of the department chair and a faculty supervisor, in addition to having an overall grade-point average of at least 3.0, 12 upper-division units in the major, and a major grade-point average of at least 3.5.

Once admitted to the program, honors students may choose between two options leading to the completion of an honors thesis: (1) one two-quarter seminar, or two seminars in relevant areas within art history or (2) two consecutive quarters of independent study (Art History 199). Alternative options must be approved by the department chair. After projects are completed and submitted, they are evaluated by a committee consisting of the student's faculty supervisor and at least one other departmental faculty member, usually a specialist in a neighboring field. Among the criteria used in evaluating honors theses are scholarly presentation, originality, and quality of research. Deadline for the thesis is the Monday of the eighth week of the second quarter of honors studies. Students successfully completing the honors project will receive Distinction in the Major at the time of graduation.

Bachelor of Arts--Art History

Preparation for the major. Twelve units from Art History 5A, 6A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L, 50.

Students planning graduate training in art history are advised to develop a reading knowledge of German, French, or Italian.

Upper-division major. Forty-eight upper-division units are required. Four courses in art history of which one course must be from four of the five period divisions: (1) Ancient (101 series, 102 series, 103 series, 104 series, 186A-B), (2) Medieval (105 series, 106 series, 186C-D), (3) Renaissance/Baroque (107 series, 108 series, 109 series, 110 series, 111 series, 112 series, 113 series, 114 series, 115 series, 116 series, 186E-F-G-H-I), (4) Modern pre-1900 (117 series, 118 series, 121A, 136A, 136J, 138A, 186J), (5) Modern Post 1900 (119 series, 120 series, 121B-C, 123 series, 125B, 136B, 136E, 136J, 138E, 144A-B-C, 186K); two undergraduate courses in non-Western art history (may include African, Native-American, Pre-Columbian/Colonial, Islamic, Asian-121F-G, 127 series, 128 series, 129A, 130 series, 131 series, 132 series, 133 series, 134 series, 135 series, 140C, 186N-P-Q-R); four upper-division elective courses in art history; two upper-division courses from the following disciplines: art studio; classics; comparative literature; dance; dramatic art; East Asian languages and literature; English; film studies; French and Italian; Germanic, Slavic, and Semitic studies; history; music; philosophy; Spanish and Portuguese; and religious studies.

Note: Students who wish to focus on a particular area, civilization, or branch of art history (i.e., ancient, architecture, or modern) are encouraged to speak to departmental advisors or faculty. For those eligible, the focus may also include an undergraduate honors project.

Bachelor of Arts--Art History--Non-Western Emphasis

Preparation for the major. Four units from Art History 6D-E-H-K, 8 units in art history from 5A, 6A-B-C-F-G-I-L, 50, or courses not used above.

Students planning graduate training in art history are advised to develop a reading knowledge of German, French, Italian, or a language related to their non-Western area of emphasis.

Upper-division major. Forty-eight upper-division units are required. Four courses in art history: one course from Pre-Modern, Ancient to Baroque (101 series, 102 series, 103 series, 104 series, 105 series, 106 series, 107 series, 108 series, 109 series, 110 series, 111 series, 112 series, 113 series, 114 series, 115 series, 116 series, 186A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I), one course from Modern, 1750 to present (117 series, 118 series, 119 series, 120 series, 121A-B-C, 123 series, 125B, 136A-B-E, 136J, 138A-E, 144A-B-C, 186J-K); six undergraduate courses in non-Western art history (may include African, native-American, Pre-Columbian/Colonial, Islamic, Asian-121F-G, 127 series, 128 series, 129A, 130 series, 131 series, 132 series, 133 series, 134 series, 135 series, 140C, 186N-P-Q-R), two additional undergraduate art history courses not used above; two undergraduate elective courses in art history; two undergraduate courses from the following disciplines: art studio; classics; comparative literature; dance; dramatic art; East Asian languages and literature; English; film studies; French and Italian; Germanic, Slavic, and Semitic studies; history; music; philosophy; Spanish and Portuguese; and religious studies.

Note: Students who wish to focus on a particular area, civilization, or branch of art history (i.e., African, Pre-Columbian, or Asian) are encouraged to speak to departmental advisors or faculty. For those eligible, the focus may also include an undergraduate honors project.

Minor--Art History

All courses to be applied to the minor must be completed on a letter-grade basis, including courses offered both by the Department of the History of Art and Architecture and those offered by other departments and applied to the minor.

Preparation for the minor. Eight lower-division units in art history (excluding Art History 1).

Upper-division minor. Twenty upper-division units in art history. Students wishing to develop a concentration in a particular area should consult the faculty undergraduate advisor.

Note: Substitutions and waivers are subject to approval by the chair of the department. Please see "Academic Minors" for special conditions governing minors in the College of Letters and Science.

The department offers both M.A. and Ph.D. degrees, accepting applicants with a B.A. into the M.A./Ph.D. program, and those with a M.A. into the Ph.D. program. The department does not offer a terminal M.A. degree, and students who are interested only in pursuing the M.A. degree are not accepted.

Admission

The department seeks applicants with a demonstrated potential for outstanding creative research and a clear sense of intellectual and professional direction. A B.A. in the history of art is not essential for admission to the M.A./Ph.D. program, but applicants should have serious training in some branch of the humanities or social sciences. Applicants to the Ph.D. program must have completed an M.A. in the history of art.

In addition to departmental requirements for admission, applicants must also meet university requirements for admission described in the section "Graduate Education at UCSB." Applications for admission to the program must be received by December 15. They must include university application forms, copies of all of the applicant's college and university transcripts, three letters of recommendation from appropriate academic or professional supervisors, Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores, a statement of purpose explaining reasons for wanting to pursue graduate work at UCSB, and a sample of written work indicative of scholarly interests and skills (applicants to the Ph.D. program are expected to submit a copy of their thesis). Applicants for fellowships and teaching assistantships must also be received by December 15.

Although all students entering the graduate program are expected to pursue the Ph.D., continuation into the program is not automatic. Upon completion of the M.A. degree, students must apply to the department for matriculation into the Ph.D. program. A faculty evaluation of the student's entire record will determine whether the student goes forward with the matriculation process into the Ph.D. program or instead receives a terminal M.A. degree.

Entry into the Ph.D. program requires that the student have completed the M.A. thesis with honors, and satisfied all departmental course and language requirements at the M.A. level.

The applicant must submit a brief letter of application to the department's graduate committee as well as letters of endorsement from two ladder faculty members in the department, of whom at least one agrees to supervise the applicant's Ph.D. work. The application and faculty letters must be received at the time that the M.A. thesis is completed. The graduate committee will review each request in consultation with the student's named potential advisor and make a recommendation to the entire faculty regarding matriculation.

Degree Requirements

Departmental degree requirements supplement those established by the university, described in the section "Graduate Education at UCSB." Our principle aim has been to preserve a maximum flexibility, allowing students the opportunity to craft courses of study suited to their particular interests and needs. Ph.D. students, for instance, have the option of adding an emphasis in women's studies.

Master of Arts--Art History

Students have two options: option one (thesis) requires a minimum of 32 units of coursework (normally eight courses) for a letter grade plus a thesis; option two requires a minimum of 36 units (nine courses) plus a comprehensive examination. Students are expected to complete the M.A. within six quarters or two years.

Students are required to take the two-term proseminar in art-historical methods (Art History 200A-B) and a total of four graduate seminars (16 units) in at least three of the following four fields: Western Art to 1750, Modern Art, Non-Western Art, Architecture. Remaining units can be taken in the form of additional seminars, upper-division undergraduate lecture courses (which graduate students take under the course number 295 or 596) or independent research; 8 of these units (two courses) may be taken outside the department.

By the beginning of the second year of residence, students must have demonstrated an ability to read one foreign language necessary for art-historical research (normally French, German, or Italian). They do so either by passing an exam administered by the department or by completing an approved university course (either three quarters of a standard language course, or a course designed for graduate students) maintaining at least a B average.

Doctor of Philosophy--Art History

The Ph.D. requires a minimum of 28 units (normally seven courses) in graduate coursework, 20 of which (five courses) must be seminar units; these must be completed by the end of the second year of residency. Before advancement to candidacy, the student must demonstrate an ability to read two foreign languages. Students are required to take the proseminar in art historical methodology and theory (Art History 200A-B). Advancement to candidacy takes place when the student passes individualized examinations in the area of specialty (major field) and a second (minor) field, and when, shortly after the completion of the exams, a formal dissertation proposal is approved by a faculty committee. The committee will be composed of at least two members of the UCSB Academic Senate in the Department of History of Art and Architecture, one of whom will be the chair. The third member may be a ladder faculty member from the department, another UCSB department, or another UC campus. Advancement to candidacy is expected to take place in the third year. The degree is awarded upon approval of the completed dissertation.

Optional Ph.D. Emphasis in European Medieval Studies

The Medieval Studies Program offers an interdisciplinary doctoral emphasis to students previously admitted to a Ph.D. program in the Departments of Dramatic Art, English, French and Italian, History, History of Art and Architecture, Music, Religious Studies, and Spanish and Portuguese. Students pursuing the emphasis in European medieval studies must receive a grade of B or better in each of the following: Medieval Latin (Latin 103); one course in a vernacular, western European or Middle Eastern medieval language (English 205, English 230, French 206, Spanish 222A, Spanish 222B, Portuguese 222, Religious Studies 148A, Religious Studies 148 B, Religious Studies 210); Paleography and/or Diplomatics (History 215S, History 215T); Medieval Studies 200A-B-C; and 8 additional units in graduate courses on medieval topics. Students may petition to have appropriate courses from other institutions, or independent study, substituted for these requirements. Medieval Studies 200A-B-C is the program's colloquium series; graduate students in the emphasis attend the series and write brief papers on each colloquium (one per term), to be reviewed by the chair of the program (2 units). To qualify for the emphasis, at least one member of a Ph.D. candidate's dissertation committee must be an affiliated faculty member of the European Medieval Studies Program. Contact the European Medieval Studies Program for additional information on faculty interests, course offerings, and program requirements, or visit our website at www.medievalstudies.ucsb.edu.

Optional Ph.D. Emphasis in Women's Studies

The Women's Studies Program, with over 30 core and affiliated faculty members in over eleven disciplines, serves as a mode of interdisciplinary work and scholarly collaboration at UCSB. Women's studies doctoral emphasis students are required to complete successfully four seminars that will enhance their understanding of feminist pedagogy, feminist theory, and topics relevant to the study of women, gender, and/or sexuality. Using an interdepartmental set of conversations and intellectual questions, women's studies support a multifaceted undergraduate curriculum at UCSB. Graduate emphasis students are encouraged to apply to teach women's studies courses as teaching assistants and associates as part of their women's studies training.

Applicants must first be admitted to, or currently enrolled in, a UCSB Ph.D. program participating in the women's studies graduate emphasis: anthropology; comparative literature; dramatic art; English; French and Italian; Germanic, Slavic, and Semitic Studies; history; history of art and architecture; religious studies; or sociology. Candidates complete four graduate courses and select a member of the women's studies faculty or affiliated faculty to serve on their Ph.D. exam and dissertation committees. Applications to the women's studies doctoral emphasis may be submitted at any stage of Ph.D. work and will be considered throughout the academic year.

Students pursuing the emphasis in women's studies will successfully complete four graduate courses. Only one may be taken in the student's home department.

1. Issues in Feminist Epistemology and Pedagogy (Women's Studies 270/Fall). A one-quarter seminar that considers women's studies as a distinct field. It offers an interdisciplinary exploration of feminist theories of knowledge production and teaching practices. Readings cover past and present critical debates and provide theoretical approaches through which to analyze interdisciplinary epistemological and pedagogical issues.

2. Special Topics in Women's Studies (594 AA-ZZ). A one-quarter seminar offered by a women's studies faculty member on topics of central concern to the field of women's studies.
Or
Research Practicum (Women's Studies 280). A cross-disciplinary seminar in which fundamental questions in contemporary feminist research practice are considered in light of students' own graduate projects. Students may fulfill the Area 2 requirement by taking either a Special Topics Seminar or the Research Practicum.

3. Feminist Theories. A one-quarter graduate seminar in feminist theory offered by any department, including women's studies.

4. Topical Seminar. A one-quarter graduate seminar, outside the student's home department, that addresses topics relevant to the study of women, gender, and/or sexuality.

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Lower Division
Freshman seminars are offered on an irregular basis.

1. Introduction to Art
(4) Staff
Not open to art history majors.
A study of art as a medium of expression.

5A. Introduction to Architecture and Environment
(4) Staff
Examines the history of the built and natural environments as interrelated phenomena, and explores how human beings have positioned them architecturally in relation to the natural world at various cultural moments.

6A. Art Survey I: Ancient-Medieval Art
(4) Staff
History of Western art from its origins to the beginnings of the Renaissance. (F)

6AH. Art Survey I: Honors
(1) Staff
Prerequisites: concurrent enrollment in Art History 6A; consent of instructor; honors standing.
Eligible students are invited to enroll in the honors seminar.
Students receive 1 unit for the honors seminar for a total of 5 units in Art History 6A-6AH.

6AW. Art Survey I: Writing
(1) Staff
Prerequisites: concurrent enrollment in Art History 6A; consent of instructor; honors standing.
Eligible students are invited to enroll in the writing seminar.
Students receive 1 unit for the writing seminar for a total of 5 units in Art History 6A-6AW.

6B. Art Survey II: Renaissance-Baroque Art
(4) Staff
Renaissance and Baroque art in northern and southern Europe. (W)

6BH. Art Survey II: Honors
(1) Staff
Prerequisites: concurrent enrollment in Art History 6B; consent of instructor; honors standing.
Eligible students are invited to enroll in the honors seminar.
Students receive 1 unit for the honors seminar for a total of 5 units in Art History 6B-6BH.

6BW. Art Survey II: Writing
(1) Staff
Prerequisites: concurrent enrollment in Art History 6B; consent of instructor; honors standing.
Eligible students are invited to enroll in the writing seminar.
Students receive 1 unit for the writing seminar for a total of 5 units in Art History 6B-6BW.

6C. Art Survey III: Modern-Contemporary Art
(4) Staff
History of Western art from the eighteenth century to the present. (S)

6CH. Art Survey III: Honors
(1) Staff
Prerequisites: concurrent enrollment in Art History 6C; consent of instructor; honors standing.
Eligible students are invited to enroll in the honors seminar.
Students receive 1 unit for the honors seminar for a total of 5 units in Art History 6C-6CH.

6CW. Art Survey III: Writing
(1) Staff
Prerequisites: concurrent enrollment in Art History 6C; consent of instructor; honors standing.
Eligible students are invited to enroll in the writing seminar.
Students receive 1 unit for the writing seminar for a total of 5 units in Art History 6C-6CW.

6D. Survey: Asian Art
(4) Sturman
The arts of India, China, and Japan.

6E. Survey: Arts of Africa, Oceania, and Native North America
(4) Cole
A conceptual, cross-cultural introduction to Amerind, Eskimo, African, and Oceanic arts: artists, sculpture, festivals, body decoration, masking, architecture, and painting will be seen in the context of social and religious values. Films, slides, and museum tours.

6F. Survey: Architecture and Planning
(4) Yegül
A selective chronological survey of architecture and urban design in social and historical context. Individual buildings and urban plans from the past to the present will be used as examples.

6G. Survey: History of Photography
(4) Keller
A critical survey of nineteenth- and twentieth-century photography as an art form.

6H. Pre-Columbian Art
(4) Peterson
An introduction to selected art traditions in ancient Mesoamerican and Andean South America. Examination of major monuments of sculpture, architecture, ceramics, and painting for their meaning and function within socio-political, religious, and economic contexts.

6K. Islamic Art and Architecture
(4) N. Khoury
A survey of Islamic art and architecture.

45MC. The University: Microcosm of Knowledge
(4) Meadow
Introduces undergraduates to the university as a place of knowledge production through a combination of lecture and hands-on field research. Topics include the history of universities and the change of disciplinary approaches to research, evidence, and knowledge.

50. Women, Agency, and Culture
(4) Staff
Not open for credit to students who have completed Women's Studies 50.
Exploration of the interventions women artists have made in the definition, exhibition, and production of art; the role of women as producers of visual culture and their struggles to define a place for themselves as artists. Examination of the contributions of women artists in the light of the institutional obstacles they have had to overcome.

99. Independent Studies
(1-4) Staff
Prerequisite: consent of instructor.
Students must have a minimum 3.0 GPA. May be taken for a maximum of 4 units per quarter and can be repeated for a maximum of 8 units. Students are limited to 30 units total in all 98/99/198/199/199DC/199RA courses combined.
Introduction to research in art history. Independent research under the guidance of a faculty member in the department. Course offer exceptional students the opportunity to undertake independent research or work in a research group.

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Upper Division

101A. Archaic Greek Art (750 to 480 B.C.E.)
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 152E.
Painting, sculpture, and architecture in Greece from c750 to c480 B.C.E. considered in their social and cultural contexts. Emphasis on the emergence of representational practices during a time of social formation.

101B. Classical Greek Art (480 to 320 B.C.E.)
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 152F.
Painting, sculpture, and architecture in Greece from c480 to c320 B.C.E. considered in their social and cultural contexts. Emphasis on fifth-century Athens.

101C. Hellenistic Greek Art
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 152F.
Painting, sculpture, and architecture in Greece from 336 to 30 B.C.E. considered in their social and cultural contexts. Emphasis on relations between Greek and other cultures of the ancient Mediterranean after Alexander and during the rise of Rome.

101D. Ancient Egyptian Art
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 152A.
Painting and sculpture in Egypt from the fourth millennium to the first century BCE. Emphasis on the relations between visual representation and religious and political practice, including special attention to the formation and maintenance of the canonical tradition.

102AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Ancient Art
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshman.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Specialized classes exploring critical issues in ancient art.

103A. Roman Architecture
(4) Yegül
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 152K.
Recommended preparation: Art History 6A.
The architecture and urban image of Rome and the Empire from the Republic through the Constantinian era.

103B. Roman Art: From the Republic to the Empire (509 B.C. to A.D. 337)
(4) Yegül
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 152I.
Recommended preparation: Art History 6A.
Painting, sculpture, and decorative arts of the Romans from the Republic to the Empire, from Romulus to Constantine. Social, economic, and cultural background emphasized.

103C. Greek Architecture
(4) Yegül
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 152J.
The architecture of the Greek world from the archaic period through the Hellenistic Age.

104AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Classical Art and Architecture
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshman.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Recommended preparation: Art History 6A.
Special topics in classical art and architecture.
A. Late Roman and Byzantine Architecture: Yegül

105B. Medieval Art: Byzantine
(4) Ayres
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 153B.
Architecture, sculpture, painting, and the minor arts of the Byzantine world from 330 to 1453 A.D.

105C. Medieval Architecture: From Constantine to Charlemagne
(4) Armi
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 153L.
Recommended preparation: Art History 6A or 6F or 105E or 105G.
A survey of the architecture in Italy, France, Spain, Germany, and England from the Early Christian through the Carolingian periods.

105E. The Origins of Romanesque Architecture
(4) Armi
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 153M.
Recommended preparation: Art History 6F or 105C or 105G.
Eleventh century architecture in France, Italy, Spain, Germany, and England.

105F. Medieval Art: Romanesque
(4) Ayres
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 153C.
Architecture, sculpture, and painting of the Romanesque period in Western Europe from 1050 to 1200 A.D.

105G. Late Romanesque and Gothic Architecture
(4) Armi, Edson
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 153N.
Recommended preparation: Art History 6A or 105C or 105E.
Twelfth- and thirteenth-century architecture in France, Italy, Spain, Germany, and England.

105H. Medieval Art: Gothic
(4) Ayres
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 153D.
Architecture, sculpture, and painting of the Gothic period in Western Europe from 1150 to 1400 A.D.

105J. Gothic Painting 1200-1400
(4) Ayres
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 153F.
The origins and development of Gothic painting in France, England, and the Lower Rhineland with special reference to Parisian manuscript illumination and to the influence of Italian art in the north during the fourteenth century.

105K. Medieval Art: Italy, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 153E.
The emergence of humanistic and civic ideas in the art of the Italian Trecentro and Quattrocentro. A survey of large civic programs of secular and secularized ecclesiastical art of the two centuries. Sculpture, architecture, and painting are discussed.

105L. Art and Society in Late-Medieval Tuscany
(4) Williams
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 153K.
The dramatic developments in central-Italian art from the eleventh to the fourteenth centuries are presented against a historical background: emergent capitalism, the gradual replacement of feudal authority with representative governments, popular religious movements and the first stirrings of humanism.

105N. Rome in the Middle Ages
(4) Ayres
Prerequisite: not open to freshman.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 153P.
Medieval art and architecture in Rome, from Late Antiquity to the Renaissance.

106AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Medieval Art
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Special topics in medieval art.

107A. Painting in the Fifteenth-Century Netherlands
(4) Meadow
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 155B.
Netherlandish painting from c1400-c1500 examined in its social, religious, and cultural contexts. Van Eyck, Rogier, Bouts and Memling, among others.

107B. Painting in the Sixteenth-Century Netherlands
(4) Meadow
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 156B.
Painting of the Low Countries from c1500-c1600, placed in its social and cultural contexts. Artists studied include Bosch and Bruegel.

108AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Northern European Art
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Specialized classes exploring critical issues in European art from the Netherlands, Germany, France and/or England. Courses may take the form of in-depth studies of particular artists (e.g. Durer) or themes (e.g. Iconoclasm).

109A. Italian Renaissance Art: 1400 to 1500
(4) Williams
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 155C.
Developments in painting and sculpture, with attention to issues of technique, iconography, patronage, workshop culture and theory.

109B. Italian Renaissance Art: 1500 to 1600
(4) Williams
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 156A.
Developments in painting and sculpture, with attention to issues of technique, iconography, patronage, workshop culture and theory.

109C. Art as Technique, Labor, and Idea in Renaissance Italy.
(4) Williams
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
An approach to the art of Renaissance Italy that focuses on the superimposition of three complementary and often competitive discursive formations that condition its practice and historical development.

109D. Art and Formation of Social Subjects in Early Modern Italy
(4) Williams
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
An approach to the art of Renaissance Italy that focuses on the viewer's experience and the social and cultural conditions framing it.

109E. Michelangelo
(4) Williams
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 156E.
The career and achievement of the artist, with particular attention to issues surrounding his treatment of the human body.

109F. Italian Journeys
(4) Williams
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
A historical survey of travel to Italy and its importance as one of the constitutive rituals of western culture, drawing upon literature, the visual arts, and film, and ending with practical advice for those planning to make the trip themselves.

110AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Italian Renaissance Art
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Special topics in Italian Renaissance art.

111A. Seventeenth Century Visual Culture in Northern Europe
(4) Adams
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 157C.
Visual culture in northern Europe between c1600 and 1700. Examination of the cultural function of imagery produced in Holland, Flanders, England, France, and/or Germany, from the perspective of material culture, seventeenth-century beliefs, and twentieth-century approaches.

111B. Dutch Art in the Age of Rembrandt
(4) Adams
Prerequisite: a prior course in art history; not open to freshmen.
Visual culture produced in Northern Netherlands between 1579 and 1648. Classes devoted to individual artists (e.g. Rembrandt, Frans Hals) and genres (e.g. landscape, portraiture, history painting) in relation to material culture and thought of the period.

111C. Dutch Art in the Age of Vermeer
(4) Adams
Prerequisites: a prior course in art history; not open to freshmen.
Visual culture produced in Northern Netherlands between 1648 and 1672. Classes devoted to individual artists (e.g. Rembrandt, Johannes Vermeer) and genres (e.g. landscape, portraiture, history painting) in relation to material culture and thought of the period.

111E. Gender and Power in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century European Art
(4) Adams
Prerequisites: a prior course in art history; not open to freshmen.
Focus on the construction of gender identity and the cultural function of gendered subjects in sixteenth and seventeenth century European imagery.

111F. Rethinking Rembrandt
(4) Adams
Prerequisites: a prior course in art history; not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 157F.
In light of recent reevaluations of Rembrandt's biography and his oeuvre, this course examines questions of authenticity and authorship in light of artistic technique, subject matter, style, and patronage.

112AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Northern European Art
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Specialized classes that examine critical issues in Northern European visual culture of the seventeenth century. Courses may consider individual artists (e.g. Frans Hals, Vermeer) and/or subject genres (e.g. still-life, history painting, portraiture) in relation to the cultural function of northern European imagery from the time of production until today.

113A. Seventeenth Century Art in Southern Europe
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 157A.
Painting and sculpture from Italy and Spain as well as France and Flanders examined in its cultural, political, and religious contexts with particular attention to relationships between regional traditions and international trends. Artists studied include Caravaggio, Bernini, Velazquez, Poussin, and Rubens.

113B. Seventeenth Century Art in Italy I
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 157B.
Italian painting, sculpture, architecture, and urbanism from the late sixteenth- to late seventeenth-centuries examined in its cultural, political, and religious contexts, with emphasis on the relationship between the arts. Focus on the earlier seventeenth-century, including the work of Caravaggio, Carracci, and the young Bernini.

113D. Architecture in Early Modern Italy
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 157E.
Architecture and urbanism in Italy from the Renaissance through the seventeenth-century examined in its cultural, political, and religious contexts, with emphasis on relationships to classical tradition. Includes works and/or writings by Brunelleschi, Alberti, Bramante, Michelangelo, Bernini, and Borromini.

114AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Seventeenth Century Southern European Art
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Special topics in Southern European art.

115B. Eighteenth Century Art: 1750 to 1810
(4) Bermingham
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 158B.
Painting, sculpture, and architecture in Europe from 1750 to 1810. Topics will change but may include art and the French Revolution and neoclassicism.

115C. Eighteenth Century British Art and Culture
(4) Bermingham
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 158C.
An interdisciplinary study of British art and culture in the eighteenth century. Topics may include: the art market and art public; portraiture and autobiography; images of the family; landscape gardening and poetry; sentimentalism; the Royal Academy and the ordering of the arts.

116AA-ZZ. Special Topics In Eighteenth Century Art
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Special topics in eighteenth century art.

117A. Nineteenth-Century Art: 1800-1848
(4) Bermingham, Solomon-Godeau
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 159A.
Painting, sculpture, and architecture in Europe. Topics will change, but may include art under Napoleon and Romanticism.

117B. Nineteenth-Century Art: 1848-1900
(4) Bermingham, Monahan, Solomon-Godeau
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 159AB.
Painting, sculpture, and architecture in Europe. Topics will change, but may include art and the Industrial Revolution, Impressionism, and Post-Impressionism.

117C. Nineteenth-Century British Art and Culture
(4) Bermingham
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 159H.
An interdisciplinary study of British art and culture in the nineteenth century. Topics may include: romantic landscape painting and poetry; art and the industrial revolution; London and Victorian images of the city; images of childhood; romanticism in Britain; and more.

117D. Nineteenth-Century French Art 1800 to 1900
(4) Bermingham, Monahan, Solomon-Godeau
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 159E.
Leading painters from Ingres through Manet; the Academy; the rise of new graphic techniques and photography as art media and as popular imagery; interrelations of high and popular culture.

117F. Impressionism and Post-Impressionism
(4) Bermingham, Monahan, Solomon-Godeau
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Impressionist and Post-Impressionist movement in France from 1863 through the first decade of the twentieth century and the advent of Cubism. Includes the work of Monet, Manet, Renoir, Pissarro, Van Gogh, Cezanne, Gauguin, and Seurat.

118AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Nineteenth-Century Art
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Special topics in nineteenth century art.

119A. Art in the Modern World
(4) Favela
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 150.
An examination of art of the last 100 years. Treats painting, architecture, and sculpture in a manner that emphasizes the social, economic, and cultural background.

119B. Contemporary Art
(4) Monahan, Solomon-Godeau
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 161P.
Study of recent artistic developments, from pop to contemporary movements in painting, sculpture, and photography. Movements studied include minimal art, postminimalism, process art, conceptual art, earthworks, pluralism, neoexpressionism, and issues of postmodern art and criticism.

119C. Expressionism to New Objectivity: Early Twentieth Century German Art
(4) Keller
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 159F.
A survey of modernist art movements in Germany, beginning with the Expressionist phase around 1905 and concluding with the Bauhaus and New Objectivity phase up to 1933. Special emphasis on the historical and cultural context of German art, and its interaction with the international art scene.

119D. Art in the Post-Modern World
(4) Favela
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
An examination of the concepts of "Post-Modernism" in Euro-American visual arts, including painting, sculpture, architecture, graphic arts, and new experimental genres from the 1970's to the present.

119E. Early Twentieth Century European Art, 1900 -1945
(4) Monahan
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Introduction to the major movements of European modern art in the first half of the twentieth century. This course critically addresses the formation of avant-garde groups and movements in relation to political and social issues.

119F. Art of the Post-War Period,
1945 -1968
(4) Monahan
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Recommended prepartation: Art History 119E.
An examination of major artistic developments in Europe and the U.S. after the Second Word War. Includes such movements as Abstract Expressionism, Neo-Dada, and Pop Art. Explores such artistic practices as performance art, feminist and conceptual art.

119G. Critical Approaches to Visual Culture
(4) Monahan
Prerequisites: a prior course in art history; not open to freshmen.
Recommended preparation: Art History 6C or any upper division modern course.
Critical ways of approaching and understanding a wide range of visual materials and images (paintings, ads, videos, etc.). Analytic approaches to culture and representation are used as a means of developing descriptive and interpretive skills.

120AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Twentieth Century Modern Art
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Special topics in twentieth-century modern art.

121A. American Art From Revolution to Civil War: 1700-1860
(4) Robertson
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 161A.
Painting, sculpture, architecture and decorative arts in the original 13 colonies, through the formation of the United States, to the crisis of the Civil War. Particular attention paid to environmental and social issues.

121B. Reconstruction, Renaissance, and Realism in American Art: 1860-1900
(4) Robertson
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 161A.
Painting and human-made environments from the onset of the Civil War to just before World War II, tracing the role of art in the rise of modern, corporate America.

121C. Twentieth-Century American Art: Modernism and Pluralism, 1900-Present
(4) Robertson
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 161B.
American painting in the twentieth-century, from the advent of modernism to yesterday.

121D. African-American Art and the African Legacy
(4) Ogbechie
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 167.
Examination of three centuries of African-American art in North America, the Caribbean, and Brazil, stressing the African Legacy. Colonial metalwork and pottery, folk or outsider genres, and mainstream nineteenth- and twentieth-century work are among traditions studied.

121E. American Things: Material Culture and Popular Art
(4) Robertson
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen
America has one of the greatest consumer cultures in history. This course examines the range of objects produced, sold, and consumed in this country, from colonial times to the present, from silverware to plastic, and everything in between.

122AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Art of the Americas
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Special topics in art in the Americas.

123A. Modern Latin American Art
(4) Favela
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
A survey of Modernism in Latin America from the 1850's to the 1950's. Examines the painting, sculpture, architecture and graphic arts of Latin American elites within their social-cultural contexts.

123B. Contemporary Latin American Art
(4) Favela
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 161C.
Trends in Latin American painting, sculpture, and graphic arts 1960s-present: neofigurative and abstract movements in Mexico (Nueva Presencia) and Argentina (Otra Figuracion); development of Argentine and Venezuelan kinetic art; constructivist and figurative trends in Colombia. Particular attention to Latin American artists working in New York and Paris.

123C. Modern Art of Mexico
(4) Favela
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 161E.
A general survey of the main developments of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Mexican art in its social context. Particular attention is given to the Mexican mural renaissance and the works of Posada, Rivera, Siquieros, Orozco, Tamayo, and Frida Kahlo.

124AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Latin American Art
(4) Favela
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Special topics in Latin American art.
A. Modern Art of Brazil
B. The Art of Cuba
C. Colonial Art of Latin America
D. Pop Art in Latin America
E. Colonial Art of Mexico
F. Contemporary Mexican Art
G. The Mexican Mural Movement
H. Mexican Photography
I. Latin American Photography
J. Art and Politics in Latin America
K. Popular Art in Mexico and Latin America
L. Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo

125A. Chicano Art: Symbol and Meaning
(4) Favela
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 145 or Chicano Studies 145.
This iconography course traces the sources and historical development of symbols and forms that originated in the art of New Spain and Mexico and became crucial for the development of a contemporary Chicano art. Emphasis given to artistic conceptions of America and Aztlan by Mexican, Mexican American, and Chicano artists.

125B. Contemporary Chicano and Chicana Art
(4) Favela
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 146 or Chicano Studies 146.
Examination and appraisal of the Chicano art movement within the context of contemporary American art and the contemporary art of Mexico. A survey of major Chicano and Chicana artists and developments in Chicano painting, sculpture, graphic, and conceptual art from the late 1960's to the present.

126AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Chicano Art
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Special topics in Chicano art.

127A. African Art I
(4) Ogbechie
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 151F.
Recommended preparation: Art History 6E.
The relationship of art to life in sub-Saharan Africa. A cross-cultural survey of types, styles, history, and values of arts ranging from personal decoration to the state festival, stressing Ashanti, Ife, Benin, Yoruba, Cameroon.

127B. African Art II
(4) Ogbechie
Prerequisites: Art History 6E; not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 151F.
An in-depth continuation of Art History 127A in a seminar/discussion format. Selected topics in masking, figural sculpture, etc., and emphasis on African contexts of ritual and social life.

128AA-ZZ. Special Topics in African Art
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Special topics in African art.

130A. Pre-Columbian Art of Mexico
(4) Peterson
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 154C.
The art and architecture of selected cultures of northern Mesoamerican (non-Maya) from circa 1200 B.C. to the Conquest with an emphasis on iconographical and historical problems.

130B. Pre-Columbian Art of the Maya
(4) Peterson
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 154D.
Exploration of the arts of Maya-speaking cultures in southern Mesoamerica using archeological, epigraphic, and ethnographic data to help reconstruct Maya religion and civilization.

130C. The Arts of Spain and New Spain
(4) Peterson
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Beginning with the Islamic, Medieval and Renaissance arts of Spain, this course will chart their influence and transformation in the sixteenth and seventeenth century arts of the New World. Special emphasis on the creative interaction of the European and indigenous traditions in colonial arts of the Americas.

130D. Pre-Columbian Art of South America
(4) Peterson
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 154B.
The architecture, sculpture, ceramics, textiles, and metalwork of the Andean civilizations from 3000 B.C. to A.D. 1532 examined within their archaeological and cultural contexts.

130E. Art and Empire in the Americas: Aztec, Inka, Spanish
(4) Peterson
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen
Two powerful empires in the Americas at conquest, the Aztecs and Inkas, controlled artistic production to sustain their hegemony. Comparison of how urban planning, sculpture, textiles, and murals functioned within political, economic, and religious spheres and the Spaniard's similar exploitation of visual culture to advance imperial objectives.

131AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Pre-Columbian/Colonial Art
(4) Peterson
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Special topics in Pre-Columbian/Colonial art.

132A. Mediterranean Cities
(4) Khoury
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 175A.
An exploration of the most important medieval cities of the Mediterranean world, their urban forms, layout, architecture, and physical patterns. Venice, Cairo, and Baghdad will be among the cities discussed.

132B. The "Masterpiece" in Islamic Art and Architecture
(4) Khoury
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 175B.
Specific objects and buildings as a means toward exploring their types, media, and contextual problems. Objects include works on paper, ceramics, and metalware.

132C. Architecture and Ideology from Constantine to Suleyman the Magnificent
(4) Khoury
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 175C.
Byzantine and Islamic architecture.

132I. Art of Empire
(4) Khoury, Nuha
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 133AE.
Studies the visual culture of different empires, alone or in a comparative fashion. For example, Ottoman and Hapsburg; Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal; Mughal and British India; or the earlier empire of the Fatimids, Abbasids, and Umayyads of Syria and Spain.

133AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Islamic Art
(4) Khoury
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Special topics in Islamic art.

134A. Buddhist Art
(4) Sturman
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 180.
Recommended preparation: Art History 6D.
A survey of select forms of Indian, Chinese, and Japanese Buddhist art with specific emphasis on Buddhist sculpture and Zen painting. Exploration of the correlation of religious values and art, as well as the transmission and adaptation of artistic traditions from one culture to another.

134B. Early Chinese Art
(4) Sturman
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 182A.
Recommended preparation: Art History 6D.
A survey of the art and archaeology of ancient China, from Neolithic times through the Tang dynasty (A.D. 618-906). Emphasis on the development and transformation of pictorial traditions, leading to early painting theory and practice.

134C. Chinese Painting
(4) Sturman
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 182B.
Recommended preparation: Art History 6D.
Chinese painting and theory, from the tenth through the eighteenth centuries. Introduction to major schools and masters in their cultural context. Problems of appreciation and connoisseurship.

134D. Art and Modern China
(4) Sturman
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 182BB.
Recommended preparation: Art History 6D.
An exploration of trends and issues in nineteenth and twentieth century Chinese art, as China awakens to and responds to the challenges of modernity and The West. Topics include the continuity of tradition, the exile identity, and trends after Tiananmen (1989).

134E. The Art of the Chinese Landscape
(4) Sturman
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 182C.
Recommended preparation: Art History 6D.
Chinese approaches to landscape as subject matter in art, with a focus on painting and garden architecture. The course begins with the immortality cult in the Han dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 221) and ends with contemporary artists of the twentieth century.

134F. The Art of Japan
(4) Sturman
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 183A.
Recommended preparation: Art History 6D.
Native traditions and foreign influences in the development of Japanese architecture, sculpture, painting, and minor arts.

134G. Japanese Painting
(4) Sturman
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 183B.
Recommended preparation: Art History 6D.
The changing and entwined traditions of Japanese painting: those rooted in native concepts and practices, and those from China.

134H. Ukiyo-e: Pictures of the Floating World
(4) Sturman
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 183C.
Recommended preparation: Art History 6D.
Japanese paintings and wood-block prints of the sixteenth through twentieth centuries, with emphasis on cultural perspectives and Japanese popular culture.

135AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Asian Art
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Recommended preparation: Art History 6D.
Special topics in Asian art.

136A. Nineteenth-Century Architecture
(4) Chattopadhyay
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 159C.
The history of architecture and planning beginning with eighteenth-century architectural trends in Europe and concluding with late-nineteenth century efforts to reform the city. Exploration of the culture of nineteenth-century modernity through architecture and urban design, centered around the themes of industrialization, colonialism, and the idea of landscape. The scope is global.

136B. Twentieth-Century Architecture
(4) Chattopadhyay
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 160A.
The history of architecture from 1900 to the present. Examination of modern and post-modern architecture and city planning in its social, political, and artistic context. The scope is global.

136E. Modern Design
(4) Armi
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 166.
A survey of twentieth-century commercial arts, including cars, fashion, furniture, graphic arts, industrial design, and architecture.

136H. Housing American Cultures
(4) Chattopadhyay
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
The history of American domestic architecture from the colonial period to the present within a framework of cultural plurality. Examination of the relation between ideas of domesticity, residential design, individual, regional, and ethnic choices.

136I. The City in History
(4) Chattopadhyay
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
An historical introduction to the ideas and forms of cities with emphasis on modern urbanism. Examination of social theory to understand the role of industrial capitalism and colonialism in shaping the culture of modern cities, the relationship between the city and the country, the phenomena of class, race and ethnic separation.

136J. Landscape of Colonialism
(4) Chattopadhyay
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Examination of architecture, urbanism and the landscape of British and French colonialism between 1600 and 1950. Introduction to the different forms of colonialism, colonial ideology and the architecture of colonial encounter in North America, Asia, Africa and Australia.

136K. Architecture and Monumentality in the Twentieth Century
(4) Welter
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Explores monumentality in western architecture from the beginning to the mid-twentieth century. Focuses on written statements, texts, designs, and realized projects with an emphasis on public space and place, materials and constructions, environment and nature.

137AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Architecture
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Special topics in architecture.
A. History of Landscape Gardens

138B. Contemporary Photography
(4) Keller
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 160H.
American and European post-World War II photography considered as a living art form.

138C. Social Documentary Photography
(4) Keller
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 170C.
The course traces the interrelationship between photographic art history and social history. Topics include American Indian tribes, metropolitan slums, Dust Bowl farm conditions, and present-day minorities such as Blacks and women.

138D. History of Photography
(4) Keller
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 170A.
A critical survey of nineteenth- and twentieth-century photography, studied in cultural context with emphasis on images and the visions which produced them. Study of the relation between photography and art movements (impressionism, surrealism, photorealism, etc.).

138E. History of Landscape/Cityscape Photography
(4) Keller
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 170B.
Course emphasizes adventurous camera explorations of untouched natural scenery from the Rocky Mountains to Arctic glaciers and African deserts (nineteenth century); and systematic documentation of the known and inhabited world, especially the visual sign language of urban environments (twentieth century).

138G. The Social Production of Art: Patrons, Dealers, Critics, Museums
(4) Keller
Prerequisite: two prior upper-division courses in Art History.
In contrast to the usual focus on the artist's activity, this course explores the crucial contributions made to the production of art by agencies such as markets, museums, exhibitions, reproductions, criticism, patronship, advertisement, etc.

139AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Photographic History
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Specialized classes exploring questions of methodology, as well as significant themes and major figures in the history of photography. Emphasis on intensive investigation of research issues as opposed to extensive period coverage.

140A. Portraiture
(4) Adams
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Examination of the traditions and functions of portraiture. Themes may include the creation of the self; art and propaganda; the self-portrait and artistic identity.

140B. Landscape Painting and Design
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
An examination of the history and contexts of landscape painting. Themes will vary, but may include: landscape and ideology; work and recreation; urban and rural culture.

140C. The Art of Festivals
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 151H.
Recommended preparation: Art History 6E.
An examination of African, Oceanic, and American Indian festivals and rituals as works of art; structural and functional analyses of ceremonies recorded on film and videotape. Emphasis on the aesthetic interaction of dance, music, gesture, and the visual arts.

140E. Landscape Design History
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 8 units.
Explore the significance of landscape design through social, political, and artistic influences and interpret "humanity's control over Nature" and how this affects our view of nature. Discover how and why landscape design canons were formed.

141B. Internship
(1-4) Staff
Prerequisites: not open to freshmen; consent of instructor and department.
Students must have a 3.0 grade-point average. May ber repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units, but only 4 units count toward the major.
Under supervision of art history faculty, students may obtain credit for work in a museum, gallery, or art-related business. One hour/week/unit internship, plus weekly meetings and final evaluation session. Written report required.

143B. Feminism and Art History
(4) Adams, Bermingham, Monahan, Solomon-Godeau
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 191A.
Examination of both feminist critiques of Western representational practices and feminist interventions in art history. Topics to be determined by instructor.

143C. Gender and Representation
(4) Adams, Bermingham, Monahan, Solomon-Godeau
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 191B.
Focus on the construction of gender identities through high art and popular media. Topics will vary with instructor.

144A. The Avantgarde in Russia
(4) Spieker
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Same course as Slavic 144A. Not open for credit to students who have completed Russian 144A.
The Russian avantgarde in its European context. The avantgarde and the revolution of 1917. Analysis of key figures and movements within the Russian avantgarde. Taught in English.

144C. Contemporary Art in Russia and Eastern Europe
(4) Spieker
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Same course as Slavic 144C. Not open for credit to students who have completed Russian 144C.
Study of central intellectual and aesthetic trends in the late Soviet period and in contemporary post-Soviet Russia and Eastern Europe. Analysis of literary texts and the visual arts. Taught in English.

144D. Russian Art
(4) Spieker
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Russian 118. Same course as Slavic 118.
Introduction to Russian art and aesthetic theory from the beginning to the present. Readings and lectures in English.

145MC. The University: Microcosm of Knowledge
(4) Meadow, Robertson
Same course as Art History 45MC.
Introduces undergraduates to the university as a place of knowledge production through a combination of lecture and hands-on field research. Topics include the history of universities and the change of disciplinary approaches to research, evidence, and knowledge.

147AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Theory
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Special topics in theory.

150. Art Historical Methods and Writing
(4) Staff
Prerequisites: upper-division standing; consent of instructor.
Recommended for art history majors, normally taken in the junior year.
Course in art history's historiography and methods, and the development of writing skills for the art historian.

184B. The City of Rome: Image and Ideology
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Art History 164B.
The image and ideology of Rome as a cultural, political, and religious center as expressed in its art, architecture, and urban structure from antiquity to the present.

184C. The Palace and Villa in Early Modern Europe
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
An examination of the ways in which the design and decoration of these building types relate to their functions as residences, museums, theatres of power, etc., and reflect particular ideologies. Works studies may or may not be regionally and chronologically delimited.

185AA-ZZ. Special Topics in Art History
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: not open to freshmen.
May be repeated for credit to a maximum of 12 units provided letter designations are different.
Special topics in the history of art and architecture.

186A. Seminar in Ancient Greek Art
(4) Mack
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in ancient Greek art. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186B. Seminar in Greek and Roman Archaeology/Architecture
(4) Yegül
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in Greek and Roman archaeology and architecture. Emphasis on classical heritage of Asia Minor (Turkey). Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186C. Seminar in Medieval Art
(4) Ayres
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in medieval art. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186D. Seminar in Medieval Architecture
(4) Armi
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in medieval architecture. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186E. Seminar in Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Northern European Art
(4) Meadow
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in fifteenth and sixteenth century Northern European art. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186F. Seminar in Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Southern Renaissance
(4) Williams
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in fifteenth and sixteenth century southern renaissance art. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186G. Seminar in Seventeenth Century Northern European Art
(4) Adams
Prerequisites: art history majors only; upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in seventeenth century Northern European visual culture. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186H. Seminar in Seventeenth Century Southern European Art
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in seventeenth century art. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186I. Seminar in Eighteenth Century Art
(4) Bermingham
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in eighteenth century art. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186J. Seminar in Nineteenth Century Modern Art
(4) Bermingham, Solomon-Godeau
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in nineteenth century modern art. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186K. Seminar in Twentieth Century Modern Art
(4) Monahan, Solomon-Godeau, Robertson
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in twentieth century modern art. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186L. Seminar in Art of the Americas
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in the art of the Americas. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186M. Seminar: Problems in the History of Chicano Art
(4) Favela
Prerequisites: upper-division standing; consent of instructor.
Not open for credit to students who have completed Chicano Studies 195.
An examination of definitions of Chicano and Chicana art. Students conduct primary research and analyze the pluralistic facets of Chicana and Chicano art, artists, and art criticism within the context of mainstream American art, institutions, and culture.

186N. Seminar in African Art
(4) Cole
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in African art. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186O. Seminar in Latin American Art
(4) Favela
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in Latin American art. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186P. Seminar in Pre-Columbian/Colonial
(4) Peterson
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in pre-Columbian/colonial art. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186Q. Seminar in Islamic Art and Architecture
(4) Khoury
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in Islamic art and architecture. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186R. Seminar in Asian Art
(4) Sturman
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in Asian art. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186S. Seminar in Architectural History
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in architectural history. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186T. Seminar in Photographic History
(4) Keller
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in photographic history. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186U. Seminar: Genres
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in art historical genres. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186V. Seminar: Theory
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in art theory. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186W. Seminar: Historiography
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: upper-division standing.
Advanced studies in historiography. Topics will vary. This course requires weekly readings and discussion, and the writing of a research seminar paper.

186X. Seminar in Modern Design
(4) Armi
Prerequisites: upper-division standing; consent of instructor.
Industrial design, graphic arts, fashion and architecture in America after World War II. Students give oral reports and write a paper on a topic in the history of twentieth-century commercial design.198. Independent Readings in Art History

198. Independent Readings in Art History
(1-5) Staff
Prerequisite: consent of instructor.
Students must have a minimum 3.0 grade-point average for the preceding three quarters. May be taken for a maximum of 5 units per quarter and can be repeated to a maximum of 12 units. Students are limited to 30 units total in all 98/99/198/199/199DC/199RA courses combined.
Intended for students who know their own reading needs. Normally requires regular meetings with the instructor.

199. Independent Studies
(1-5) Staff
Prerequisites: upper-division standing; completion of two upper-division courses in art history; consent of instructor and department.
Students must have a minimum 3.0 grade-point average for the preceding three quarters and are limited to 5 units per quarter and 30 units total in all 98/99/198/199/199DC/199RA courses combined.
Advanced individual problems.

199RA. Undergraduate Research Assistant
(1-5) Staff
Prerequisites: upper-division standing; completion of two upper-division courses in art history; consent of instructor and department.
Student must have a 3.0 cumulative grade-point average and are limited to 5 units per quarter and 30 units total in all 98/99/198/199/199DC/199RA courses combined.

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Graduate Courses

200A-B. Proseminar: Introduction to Art-Historical Methods
(4-4) Staff
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Required of all first-year M.A. and Ph.D. students.
Introduction to art-historical methods, with emphasis on the historical development of current practices, critical theory, debates within the field, and cross-disciplinary dialogues.

201E. Tel Dor Archaeological Field School
(8) Mack
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Introduction to archaeological excavation technique, artifact analysis, and the archaeology of the Levant (Middle Bronze Age to Late Imperial Roman). Students participate in six-week summer excavation season at Tel Dor, Israel, including lectures on the history and archaeology of the Levant, practica in archaeological method, and field trips to archaeological sites and museums in Israel.

210A-B. Two-Term Seminar
(4-4) Staff
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
A two-quarter in-progress sequence course with grades for both quarters issued upon completion of Art History 210B.
Seminar involving special circumstances and extended research.

251A. Seminar: Topics in African-American Art
(4) Ogbechie
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special research in African-American art.

251B. Seminar: Topics in African Arts in Context
(4) Cole
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special research in African art.

252A. Seminar: Topics in Ancient Art
(4) Mack, Yegül
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special research in ancient art.

252B. Seminar: Topics in Roman Architecture and Urbanism
(4) Yegül
Prerequisite: graduate standing or senior art history majors with consent of instructor.
Special research in Roman and late antique architecture.

253A. Seminar: Topics in Medieval Art
(4) Ayres
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special research in medieval art.

253D. Seminar: Topics in Medieval Architecture
(4) Armi, Ayres
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special research in Romanesque and/or Gothic architecture.

253E. Seminar in Romanesque Architecture and Sculpture
(4) Armi
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Seminar on major topics and problems in the monumental arts of the eleventh and twelfth centuries in Europe.

253G. Seminar: The Origins of Gothic
(4) Armi
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
A seminar on the major topics and problems in first and second generation Gothic sculpture and architecture in the Ile-de-France.

254. Seminar: Topics in Pre-Columbian/Colonial Latin American Art
(4) Peterson
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special research in pre-Columbian and colonial Latin American art topics.

254D. Special Topics in Pre-Columbian/Colonial Latin American Art
(4) Peterson
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special topics in pre-Columbian and colonial Latin American art. Topics vary.

255A. Seminar: Topics in Italian Renaissance Art
(4) Williams
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special research in Renaissance art.

255D. Seminar: Topics in Early Modern Art in Northern Europe
(4) Meadow
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special research in northern Renaissance figurative arts of the fifteenth and/or sixteenth centuries.

257A. Seminar: Topics in Seventeenth-Century Art
(4) Adams
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special topics in seventeenth-century art.

257F. Seminar: Topics in Gender and Representation
(4) Adams
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special topics in gender and representation in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European art.

258A. Seminar: Topics in Eighteenth-Century Art
(4) Bermingham
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special research in eighteenth-century art with special emphasis on painting and prints.

259A. Seminar: Topics in Nineteenth-Century European Art
(4) Bermingham, Solomon-Godeau
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special research in nineteenth-century art.

259D. Seminar: Topics in Nineteenth-Century British Art
(4) Bermingham
A one-quarter special research seminar in
British art.

260D. Seminar: Topics in European Art of the Twentieth Century
(4) Monahan, Solomon-Godeau
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special research in twentieth-century art.

261A. Seminar: Topics in American Art
(4) Robertson
Special research in American painting and sculpture, 1700 to 1950.

261E. Seminar: Topics in History of Photography
(4) Keller
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special problems in the history of photography.

262C. Seminar: Topics in Modern Latin American Art
(4) Favela
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
The main developments of modernism in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Latin America: late impressionism and symbolism and avant-garde movements in Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina. Frequent reference will be made to European trends and their impact on modern Latin American art.

265. Seminar: Topics in Architectural History
(4) Yegül, Chattopadhyay
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special research in the history of architecture.

266. Seminar: Topics in Modern Architecture
(4) Yegül
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special research on problems of nineteenth- and twentieth-century European or American architecture.

267. Topics in Architecture and Environment
(4) Welter
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Critically analyzes topics arising out of the interrelationship of architecture and the environment. Focus is on architectural historical, theoretical, and aesthetic issues.

268. Architectural Historical Surveys of Santa Barbara
(4) Welter
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Undertakes architectural historical surveys of selected buildings in Santa Barbara. Weekly sessions focus on research methodologies, evaluation of archival resources, analysis of historical sources, and the presentation of research results.

275B Seminar: Topics in Islamic Architecture
(4) Khoury
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special research in Islamic architecture.

275E. Seminar: Topics in Islamic Art
(4) Khoury
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special topics in Islamic art and/or architecture. Topics will vary.

275X. Advanced Readings in Arabic Texts
(1) Khoury
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Primary source-text readings to accompany graduate seminars ARTHI 275B and 275E.

282A. Seminar: Topics on East Asian Art
(4) Sturman
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Research on select problems on the arts of China, Japan, or Korea.

291A. Seminar: Topics in Feminism and Art History
(4) Adams, Bermingham, Monahan, Solomon-Godeau
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Same course as Women's Studies 291A.
Course will examine both feminist critiques of Western representational practices and feminist interventions in the history of art, including how the history of women artists has been constructed and how it might be rewritten. Topics will vary.

291B. Seminar: Topics in Gender and Representation
(4) Adams, Bermingham, Monahan, Solomon-Godeau
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Same course as Women's Studies 291B.
Course will focus on the construction of gender identities through high art and popular media, the construction of femininities and masculinities through images and the significance of gender as a basic representational category. Topics will vary.

292A. Seminar: Topics in Visual Culture
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Visual media from both high and popular culture. Topics to be determined by instructor.

292B. Seminar: Topics in Contemporary Critical Theory
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Topics will include: deconstruction; semiotics; structuralism and post-structuralism; psychoanalysis; feminism.

292E. Seminar: Topics in Comparative Studies
(4) Staff
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Research seminar in comparative studies in art and architectural history. Issues and topics vary, but focus on methodological and epistemological implications of analysis across established geographical, national, cultural, and/or period boundaries.

294. Seminar in Museum Practices
(4) Robertson
Prerequisite: graduate standing
May be repeated for credit.
Methods in museum practice. Content will vary according to museum program and art exhibition involved. (S)

295. Seminar: Advanced Readings in Art History
(4) Staff
Prerequisites: graduate standing; consent of instructor; department approval.
Source readings for graduate students. Independent reading and research in connection with an undergraduate lecture course.

296B. Seminar: Topics in Modern Art
(4) Spieker
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Special topics in the history of modern art.

296C. Seminar: Topics in Avant-Garde Art
(4) Spieker
Prerequisite: graduate standing.
Analysis of one of the key movements of the European avant-garde and its activities in a variety of media. Artists and writers analyzed in this class include Alexander Rodchenko, Kazimir Malevich, Natalia Goncharova, Vladimir Tatlin, Liubov Popova, Vladimir Mayakovskij, Alexandra Exter, and others.

297. Seminar: Getty Consortium
(4) Staff
Prerequisites: graduate standing; by application only.
Special graduate seminar offered at the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles, involving faculty and graduate students from the five graduate programs in Art History of Visual Studies located in southern California.

500. Apprentice Teaching
(1-4) Staff
Prerequisites: graduate standing; consent of instructor; department approval.
No unit credit allowed toward degree.
For teaching assistants, course includes directed readings, instruction in use of visual aids, pedagogical techniques, design of materials for discussion sections, and methodological analyses. Attendance at lectures in the course to which the teaching assistant is assigned is a requirement.

502. Graduate Symposium in Art History
(1-4) Staff
Prerequisites: graduate standing; department approval. No unit credit allowed toward degree.
Under the supervision of the graduate advisor and individual faculty advisors, directed study in presentation techniques, bibliographical and publication methods, and professional outreach.

550. Tools for Art Historical Research
(1-4) Staff
Prerequisites: graduate standing; department approval.
No credit allowed toward degree.
Audit credit for courses in other departments needed to build a base for graduate research, or extra curricular work, such as museum internship.

595. Group Studies
(1-12) Staff
Prerequisites: graduate standing; consent of instructor and department approval.
Informal reading and discussion.

596. Independent Study
(1-8) Staff
Prerequisites: graduate standing; consent of instructor and department approval.
Individual tutorial. A written proposal must be approved by the department chair.

597. Reading for Examination
(1-12) Staff
Prerequisites: graduate standing; consent of instructor and department approval.
Ph.D. students are limited to 12 units.
Preparation for terminal M.A. or for Ph.D. examinations.

598. Master's Thesis Preparation
(1-12) Staff
Prerequisites: graduate standing; consent of instructor and department approval.
No credit allowed toward degree. For Plan I students only.
Master's Thesis research and preparation.

599. Ph.D. Dissertation Preparation
(1-12) Staff
Prerequisites: graduate standing; consent of instructor and department approval.
Dissertation research and preparation.

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